Abstract:
This is data set held in two csv files, one DATA file contains the data and an accompanying NOTES file that provides additional detail on abbreviations. It contains processed acoustic backscatter (NASC) data that is coupled with environmental data. Acoustic backscatter data is from 13 acoustic transects spanning the Scotia Sea and major Southern Ocean fronts, obtained during cruises JR161, JR177, JR200, JR15002, JR15004 and JR16003 (2006-2017). Data were collected using a Simrad EK60 echo sounder at 38 kHz. The EK60 was run continuously between Stanley (Falkland Islands) and Signy (South Orkney Islands), Stanley and South Georgia. Environmental data includes: sea surface temperature, bathymetry, geopotential height, geostrophic current speeds, sea ice concentration, sea ice zone, time of day (day/night), sea temperature at 200m, distance to coast, net primary productivity, and hours of daylight. Environmental data are compiled from external data sources.
Funding was provided by the NERC grants NE/L002434/1 and bas010017.
Keywords:
Acoustic backscatter, EK60, Scotia Sea, Southern Ocean, oceanographic data
Dornan, T., & Fielding, S. (2021). Acoustic backscatter and environmental data for the Scotia Sea, Southern Ocean 2006, 2008, 2009, 2015, 2016 and 2017 (Version 1.0) [Data set]. NERC EDS UK Polar Data Centre. https://doi.org/10.5285/42cb66b9-f515-41bc-8b9a-6dc9cb0e5624
| Access Constraints: | Data is under embargo until publication of the associated article. |
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| Use Constraints: | Data released under Open Government Licence V3.0: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/. |
| Creation Date: | 2021-12-17 |
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| Dataset Progress: | Complete |
| Dataset Language: | English |
| ISO Topic Categories: |
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| Parameters: |
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| Personnel: | |
| Name | UK PDC |
| Role(s) | Metadata Author |
| Organisation | British Antarctic Survey |
| Name | Dr Tracey Dornan |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | British Antarctic Survey |
| Name | Dr Sophie Fielding |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | British Antarctic Survey |
| Parent Dataset: | N/A |
| Reference: | Dornan T, Fielding S, Saunders RA, Genner MJ. 2022 Large mesopelagic fish biomass in the Southern Ocean resolved by acoustic properties. Proc. R. Soc. B 289: 20211781. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.1781. DEMER, D.A. et al. 2015. Calibration of acoustic instruments. In ICES Coop Res Rep (ed. Anderson E.D.), p. 133. Copenhagen, Denmark, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. https://doi.org/10.17895/ices.pub.5494. DORNAN, T., FIELDING, S., SAUNDERS, R. A. & GENNER, M. J. 2019. Swimbladder morphology masks Southern Ocean mesopelagic fish biomass. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 286, 20190353. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0353. BIVAND, R. and LEWIN-KOH, N. 2018. maptools: Tools for handling spatial objects. R package version 0.9-4 ed. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/maptools/index.html. BIVAND, R. & RUNDEL, C. 2018. rgeos: Interface to Geometry Engine - Open Source ('GEOS'). R package version 0.4-2 ed. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rgeos/index.html. BEHRENFELD, M.J. & FALKOWSKI, P.G. 1997 Photosynthetic rates derived from satellite-based chlorophyll concentration. Limnology and Oceanography, 42, 1-20. http://sites.science.oregonstate.edu/ocean.productivity/references/L&O%201997a.pdf. FETTERER, F., KNOWLES, K., MEIER, W., SAVOIE, M. & WINDNAGEL, A. K. 2017. Sea ice Index, Version 3. Boulder, Colorado USA: NSIDC: National Snow and Ice Data Center. https://nsidc.org/data/G02135/versions/3. GEBCO_2019 grid (GEBCO, 2019). https://www.gebco.net/data_and_products/gridded_bathymetry_data/. GUINEHUT, S., LE TRAON, P. Y., LARNICOL, G. and PHILIPPS, S. 2004. Combining Argo and remote-sensing data to estimate the ocean three-dimensional temperature fields - A first approach based on simulated observation. Journal of Marine Systems, 46, 85-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2003.11.022. GUINEHUT, S. DHOMPS, A.L., LARNICOL, G., LE TRAON, P.Y. 2012. High resolution 3D temperature and salinity fields derived from in situ and satellite observations. Ocean Sci. 8(5), 845-857. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-8-845-2012. HIJMANS, R. J. 2018. raster: Geographic data analysis and modeling. R package version 2.8-4 ed. https://rdrr.io/cran/raster/. JPL MUR MEASURES PROJECT 2015. GHRSST Level 4 MUR Global Foundation Sea Surface Temperature Analysis (v4.1). 4.1 ed. PO.DAAC, CA, USA. https://doi.org/10.5067/GHGMR-4FJ04. LOCARNINI, R. A., MISHONOV, A. V., BARANOVA, O. K., BOYER, T. P., ZWENG, M. M., GARCIA, H. E., REAGAN, J. R., SEIDOV, D., WEATHERS, K., PAVER, C. R. & SMOLYAR, I. 2018. World Ocean Atlas 2018, Volume 1: Temperature. A. Mishonov Technical Ed. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 81. http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/indprod.html. MULET, S., RIO, M. H., MIGNOT, A., GUINEHUT, S. & MORROW, R. 2012. A new estimate of the global 3D geostrophic ocean circulation based on satellite data and in-situ measurements. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 77-80, 7081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.04.012. |
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| Quality: | The acoustic data was calibrated at least once per field season using standard calibration spheres and methods (Demer et al. 2015). The data was cleaned in Echoview to remove bad data regions, including false bottom echoes, seabed, surface near-field, intermittent noise and attenuated signal (all set to 'no-data'). Data was integrated in 1km distance by 10m depth cells. Further removal of data in water shallower than 1000m was carried out in R version 3.5.3 and the top 1% of high NASC values were manually scrutinised to check for any residual noise bias. Less than 10% of high NASC values were found to be attributable to noise and these were excluded from further analysis. For environmental data coupled with NASC, Environmental data was extracted at the location of NASC using r package raster (Hijmans, 2018). The majority of climatology data was already in WGS84 projection, with the exception of Sea Icea and NPP data which were reprojected rasterProject() funtion with bilinear interpolation. |
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| Lineage: | Detailed acoustic surveys for mesopelagic fish were conducted in the Scotia Sea as part of the British Antarctic Survey's Discovery 2010 programme, as described in Collins et al. (2012). Follow up investigations were carried out using the same methods during JR15004 and JR16003. We used an EK60 echosounder operating at 38 kHz to collect acoustic data, pinging at a rate of 0.3 - 1 Hz. Nautical Area Scattering Coefficient (NASC, m2 nmi-2) a linear measure of acoustic backscatter, was integrated between depths of 17 m to 1000 m or maximum available, in 1 km distance sampling units. Acoustic data was coupled with environmental data from weekly or monthly climatologies. All environmental data was extracted corresponding to the same date that the acoustic sample was collected or the nearest prior date (for weekly or monthly climatologies), by latitude and longitude, with the exception of net primary productivity, which was extracted from a mean climatology spanning Jan-Mar 2005-2017, as this was being used to characterise regions of high and low productivity. The environmental data were compiled from external data sources using r package raster to re-project NPP and Sea Ice data to WGS84 using bilinear interpolation. Geostrophic current speed was calculated from eastward and northward velocity data. Environmental data includes: sea surface temperature (°C), bathymetry (m), geopotential height (m), geostrophic current speeds (ms-1), sea ice concentration (%), sea ice zone, time of day (day/night), sea temperature at 200m (°C), distance to coast (km), net primary productivity (mgC m-2 d-1), and hours of daylight. |
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| Temporal Coverage: | |
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| Start Date | 2006-10-25 |
| End Date | 2017-01-08 |
| Spatial Coverage: | |
| Latitude | |
| Southernmost | -60.47 |
| Northernmost | -49.99 |
| Longitude | |
| Westernmost | -60.67 |
| Easternmost | -38.52 |
| Altitude | |
| Min Altitude | N/A |
| Max Altitude | N/A |
| Depth | |
| Min Depth | 17 m |
| Max Depth | 1000 m |
| Location: | |
| Location | Southern Ocean |
| Detailed Location | Scotia Sea, South Orkney Islands, South Georgia |
| Data Collection: | Acoustic Data collected using a Simrad EK60 echo sounder Acoustic Data processed using Echoview version 8.0.95.32073 Analysis in R version 3.5.3 |
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| Data Storage: | TWC_NASC_EnvDat_DATA.csv TWC_NASC_EnvDat_NOTES.csv |
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