Abstract:
These datasets show how lake water-pressure fluctuated through time over several months in seasonally-frozen catchments in winter. These catchments were in three settings: the lowland Finnish Arctic, an alpine valley and a high cirque in Switzerland. The water-pressure data are accompanied by water temperature and (except for Orajarvi), ground temperature for the same periods. Together, they were used to detect and quantify the water content of snow falling on the lake surfaces. The locations, method of data collection and analysis and the results are described in detail in Pritchard, H. D., Farinotti, D., & Colwell, S. (2021).
This work was funded by Natural Environment Research Council (UK) core funding to the British Antarctic Survey, and a fellowship from the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
Keywords:
instrumentation, mountain meteorology, sensor, snow water equivalent, snowfall, water budget
Pritchard, H., Farinotti, D., & Colwell, S. (2021). Time series of water pressure, water temperature and ground temperature from lakes Orajarvi (Finland), and Tomasee and Silsersee (Switzerland) from winters 2018-2021 (Version 1.0) [Data set]. UK Polar Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, UK Research & Innovation. https://doi.org/10.5285/170fc6fa-9878-43fc-9abd-e6196bad60a2
| Access Constraints: | No restrictions apply. |
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| Use Constraints: | Data supplied under Open Government Licence v3.0 http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/. |
| Creation Date: | 2021-02-26 |
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| Dataset Progress: | Complete |
| Dataset Language: | English |
| ISO Topic Categories: |
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| Parameters: |
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| Personnel: | |
| Name | UK Polar Data Centre |
| Role(s) | Metadata Author |
| Organisation | British Antarctic Survey |
| Name | Hamish D Pritchard |
| Role(s) | Investigator, Technical Contact |
| Organisation | British Antarctic Survey |
| Name | Daniel Farinotti |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL |
| Name | Steve Colwell |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | British Antarctic Survey |
| Parent Dataset: | N/A |
| Reference: | Pritchard, H. D., Farinotti, D., & Colwell, S. (2021). Measuring changes in snowpack SWE continuously on a landscape scale using lake water pressure, Journal of Hydrometeorology, https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/hydr/aop/JHM-D-20-0206.1/JHM-D-20-0206.1.xml | |
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| Quality: | At the start and end of each time series during instrument deployment and retrieval, some pressures and temperatures appear anomalous as they represent atmospheric conditions rather than lake conditions. Water-pressure data have been converted from bar to metres of water equivalent using a constant factor of 10.1974. | |
| Lineage: | We deployed commercially-available, high-precision water-pressure sensors (nominal precision 0.1% full-scale) on the bed of each lake, either in advance of the winter freeze-up or via a hole drilled through the winter ice cover. To maximise gauge sensitivity, we specified a relatively small pressure range of 1-10 bar and positioned our gauges in water depths of 1-5 m. All three lakes froze over completely during the studied periods. The gauges recorded water pressure and water temperature, and were naturally ventilated with breather tubes (open to the air at the logger box) to compensate for atmospheric pressure changes. We also used a thermistor on the ground at each logger-box site to measure snow-base temperatures, allowing us to detect the onset of snowmelt runoff in spring. At Silsersee we deployed one gauge in 2018/19 and a second gauge running concurrently with G1 from late February to early August 2020. In winter, the time series of water pressure from all three lakes showed two dominant signals: (i) a declining pressure trend of several centimetres to decimetres water-equivalent over weeks to months, punctuated by (ii) abrupt jumps in pressure of millimetres to centimetres water-equivalent on hourly to daily timescales. The declining trends demonstrate that there was net drainage of water out of the lakes through winter, while the abrupt, shorter-duration pressure jumps indicate net mass gains. The timing and magnitude of these pressure jumps corresponded closely to snow precipitation as independently observed by nearby weather stations. |
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| Temporal Coverage: | |
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| Start Date | 2018-03-20 |
| End Date | 2018-05-03 |
| Start Date | 2018-11-20 |
| End Date | 2019-03-21 |
| Start Date | 2019-01-31 |
| End Date | 2020-08-06 |
| Start Date | 2020-02-25 |
| End Date | 2020-08-07 |
| Spatial Coverage: | |
| Latitude | |
| Southernmost | 46.42856 |
| Northernmost | 46.42856 |
| Longitude | |
| Westernmost | 9.74635 |
| Easternmost | 9.74635 |
| Altitude | |
| Min Altitude | N/A |
| Max Altitude | N/A |
| Depth | |
| Min Depth | N/A |
| Max Depth | N/A |
| Latitude | |
| Southernmost | 46.40902 |
| Northernmost | 46.40902 |
| Longitude | |
| Westernmost | 9.72501 |
| Easternmost | 9.72501 |
| Altitude | |
| Min Altitude | N/A |
| Max Altitude | N/A |
| Depth | |
| Min Depth | N/A |
| Max Depth | N/A |
| Latitude | |
| Southernmost | 67.35 |
| Northernmost | 67.35 |
| Longitude | |
| Westernmost | 26.83 |
| Easternmost | 26.83 |
| Altitude | |
| Min Altitude | N/A |
| Max Altitude | N/A |
| Depth | |
| Min Depth | N/A |
| Max Depth | N/A |
| Latitude | |
| Southernmost | 46.63235 |
| Northernmost | 46.63235 |
| Longitude | |
| Westernmost | 8.67153 |
| Easternmost | 8.67153 |
| Altitude | |
| Min Altitude | N/A |
| Max Altitude | N/A |
| Depth | |
| Min Depth | N/A |
| Max Depth | N/A |
| Location: | |
| Location | Switzerland |
| Detailed Location | Lake Silsersee |
| Location | Switzerland |
| Detailed Location | Lake Tomasee |
| Location | Finland |
| Detailed Location | Orajarvi |
| Sensor(s): |
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| Data Collection: | The water-pressure and water-temperature data are from a Keller PR-36XiW, 1-bar sensor. Ground temperature is from a T107C thermistor. Data were logged on Campbell CR300 loggers. |
| Distribution: | |
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| Distribution Media | Online Internet (HTTP) |
| Distribution Size | 7.6 MB |
| Distribution Format | ASCII |
| Fees | N/A |
| Data Storage: | These data are in five CSV files. There is one file each for Tomasee and Orajarvi, and three for Silsersee. The three Silsersee files include one for the full ''gauge 1' record and one each for the overlapping 'gauge 1' and 'gauge 2' records. |