Abstract:
During the austral summer of 2012/13 a major international collaboration between Danish, US, UK, Norwegian and Argentinian scientists collected ~29,000 line km (equivalent to 464,317 km2) of aerogeophysical data over 132 hours of flight time and covering the previously poorly surveyed Recovery Glacier and Recovery Subglacial Lakes, as well as the area of Coats Land inboard from Halley VI using airborne survey systems mounted in Twin Otter aircraft.
Our aircraft was equipped with dual-frequency carrier-phase GPS for navigation, radar altimeter for surface mapping, wing-tip magnetometers, an air-sea gravity meter, and an ice-sounding radar system (PASIN).
We present here the full radar dataset consisting of the deep-sounding chirp in its processed form, as well as the navigational information of each trace, the surface and bed elevation picks, ice thickness, and calculated absolute surface and bed elevations. This dataset comes primarily in the form of NetCDF and georeferenced SEGY files. To interactively engage with this newly-published dataset, we also created segmented quicklook PDF files of the radar data.
Keywords:
Antarctic, aerogeophysics, ice thickness, radar, surface elevation
Ferraccioli, F., Corr, H., Jordan, T., Forsberg, R., Matsuoka, K., Diez, A., Olesen, A., Ghidella, M., Zakrajsek, A., Robinson, C., & King, O. (2021). Processed airborne radio-echo sounding data from the ICEGRAV survey covering the Recovery Catchment and interior Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica (2012/2013) (Version 1.0) [Data set]. NERC EDS UK Polar Data Centre. https://doi.org/10.5285/c6324118-94a2-4e03-8715-b24b82322a57
| Access Constraints: | None |
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| Use Constraints: | This data is covered by a UK Open Government Licence (http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/). Further by downloading this data the user acknowledges that they agree with the NERC data policy (http://www.nerc.ac.uk/research/sites/data/policy.asp), and the following conditions: 1. To cite the data in any publication as follows: Ferraccioli, F., Corr, H., Jordan, T., Forsberg, R., Matsuoka, K., Diez, A., Olesen, A., Ghidella, M., Zakrajsek, A., Robinson, C., & King, O. (2021). Processed airborne radio-echo sounding data from the ICEGRAV survey covering the Recovery Catchment and interior Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica (2012/2013) (Version 1.0) [Data set]. NERC EDS UK Polar Data Centre. https://doi.org/10.5285/C6324118-94A2-4E03-8715-B24B82322A57 2. The user recognizes the limitations of data. Use of the data is at the users' own risk, and there is no warranty as to the quality or accuracy of any data, or the fitness of the data for your intended use. The data are not necessarily fully quality assured and cannot be expected to be free from measurement uncertainty, systematic biases, or errors of interpretation or analysis, and may include inaccuracies in error margins quoted with the data. |
| Creation Date: | 2021-07-27 |
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| Dataset Progress: | Complete |
| Dataset Language: | English |
| ISO Topic Categories: |
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| Parameters: |
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| Personnel: | |
| Name | PDC BAS |
| Role(s) | Metadata Author |
| Organisation | British Antarctic Survey |
| Name | Mr Hugh Corr |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | British Antarctic Survey |
| Name | Dr Anja Diez |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Norwegian Polar Institute |
| Name | Dr Fausto Ferraccioli |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | British Antarctic Survey |
| Name | Dr Rene Forsberg |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Technical University of Denmark |
| Name | Dr Maria Ghidella |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Instituto Antartico Argentino,Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| Name | Dr Tom Jordan |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | British Antarctic Survey |
| Name | Dr Kenichi Matsuoka |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Norwegian Polar Institute |
| Name | Dr Arne V Olesen |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Technical University of Denmark |
| Name | Owen King |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | British Antarctic Survey |
| Name | Mr Carl Robinson |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | British Antarctic Survey |
| Name | Andres Zakrajsek |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | Instituto Antártico Argentino |
| Parent Dataset: | N/A |
| Reference: | Details of survey location and design can be found at: Diez A., K. Matsuoka, F. Ferraccioli, T.A. Jordan, H.F.J. Corr, J. Kohler, A. Olesen, and R. Forsberg (2018) Basal settings control fast ice flow in the Recovery/Slessor/Bailey Region, East Antarctica. Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, doi:10.1002/2017GL076601 Forsberg, R., Olesen, A. V., Ferraccioli, F., Jordan, T. A., Matsuoka, K., Zakrajsek, A., Greenbaum, J. S. (2018) Exploring the Recovery Lakes region and interior Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, with airborne gravity, magnetic and radar measurements. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 461(1), 23-34. doi: 10.1144/SP461.17 More information on the radar system and processing can be found at: Corr, H.F., Ferraccioli, F., Frearson, N., Jordan, T., Robinson, C., Armadillo, E., Caneva, G., Bozzo, E. and Tabacco, I., 2007. Airborne radio-echo sounding of the Wilkes Subglacial Basin, the Transantarctic Mountains and the Dome C region. Terra Antartica Reports, 13, pp.55-63. Fremand, A. C., Bodart, J. A., Jordan, T. A., Ferraccioli, F., Robinson, C., Corr, H. F. J., Peat, H. J., Bingham, R. G., and Vaughan, D. G.: British Antarctic Survey's aerogeophysical data: releasing 25 years of airborne gravity, magnetic, and radar datasets over Antarctica, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 3379-3410, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3379-2022, 2022. |
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| Quality: | - Average flying velocity: 65 m/s - Along-track trace spacing: ~10 m - Vertical resolution: ~8.4 m - Radar centre frequency: 150 MHz - Radar bandwidth: 10 MHz - Radar Receiver vertical sampling frequency: 22 MHz - Absolute GPS positional accuracy: ~0.1 m (relative accuracy is one order of magnitude better). Banking angle was limited to 10 degrees during aircraft turns to avoid phase issues between GPS receiver and transmitter. The radar lines have a spacing of approximately 27 km. The majority of flights are at a constant elevation, required for coincident collection of gravity data. Please note: The surface and bed pick information (surface and bed elevation, ice thickness, etc.) can also be found at: https://doi.org/10.5285/6549203d-da8b-4a22-924b-a9e1471ea7f1.The datasets found here have been considerably curated and improved, and thus can be considered the latest and full dataset. |
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| Lineage: | ** Instrumentation and Processing: Radar data were collected using the bistatic PASIN radar echo sounding system mounted on the BAS Twin Otter aircraft "VP-FBL" and operating with a centre frequency of 150 MHz and using a 4-microseconds, 10 MHz bandwidth linear chirp (deep sounding). Chirp compression was applied using a Blackman window to minimise sidelobe levels, resulting in a processing gain of 10 dB. The chirp data was processed using an coherent averaging filter (commonly referred to as unfocused Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) processing) along a moving window of length 33. This data is best used to assess the bed and internals in deep ice conditions. Note that no pulse data is available for this survey. The bed reflector was first automatically depicted on the chirp data using a semi-automatic picker in the PROMAX software package. All the picks were afterwards checked and corrected by hand if necessary. The picked travel time was then converted to depth using a radar wave speed of 168 m/microseconds and a constant firn correction of 10 m. Surface elevation is derived from radar altimeter for ground clearance < 750 m, and the PASIN system for higher altitudes. ** Coordinates and Positions: The coordinates provided in the NetCDF for the surface and bed elevation for each radar trace are in longitude and latitude (WGS84, EPSG: 4326). The navigation attributes for the radar data in the NetCDF are in projected X and Y coordinates (Polar Stereographic, EPSG: 3031), as follows: Latitude of natural origin: -71 Longitude of natural origin: 0 Scale factor at natural origin: 0.994 False easting: 0 False northing: 2082760.109 The coordinates in the SEGY data are also in projected X and Y coordinates (Polar Stereographic, EPSG: 3031), although note that these are in integer format due to the SEGY limitations (see section below). Positions are calculated for the phase centre of the aircraft antenna. All positions (Longitude, Latitude and Height) are referred to the WGS1984 ellipsoid. ** Dataset: Please note: Due to the unstable nature of SEGY-formatted data and its uncertain long-term future, as well as the issues documented below, we also provide the full radar data in NetCDF format. The dataset provided here consists of three parts: a NetCDF file per flightline, one SEGY files per flightline (chirp), and one quicklook PDF file per flightline. These are described in more details below. - NetCDF: The NetCDF files contain the deep-sounding chirp-acquired data in its processed form, as well as the associated metadata, navigational information (in both EPSG: 3031 and WGS84 EPSG: 4326), and the associated radar-related information for each trace (e.g. surface/bed elevation and picks, ice thickness, aircraft altitude, range to surface, time of trace) which are provided as separate attributes in the NetCDF file. The navigational position of each trace comes from the surface files, and the processed GPS files when no surface information was provided in the surface files. Note that for these, interpolation of the navigational data might have been required to match closely the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) of each trace in the surface files. No data is shown as "-9999" throughout the files. NetCDF attributes: - 'traces': Trace number for the radar data (x axis) - 'fast_time': Two-way travel time (y axis) (units: microseconds) - 'x_coordinates': Cartesian x-coordinates for the radar data (x axis) (units: meters in WGS84 EPSG:3031) - 'y_coordinates': Cartesian y-coordinates for the radar data (x axis) (units: meters in WGS84 EPSG:3031) - 'chirp_data': Radar data for the processed (coherent) chirp (units: power in dBm) - 'longitude_layerData': Longitudinal position of the trace number (units: degree_east in WGS84 EPSG:4326) - 'latitude_layerData': Latitudinal position of the trace number (units: degree_north in WGS84 EPSG:4326) - 'UTC_time_layerData': Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) of trace (also known as resTime) (units: seconds) - 'PriNumber_layerData': Incremental integer reference number related to initialisation of the radar system that permits processed SEGY data and picked surface and bed to be linked back to raw radar data (also known as PriNum) (units: arbitrary - integers) - 'terrainClearanceAircraft_layerData': Terrain clearance distance from platform to air interface with ice, sea or ground (also known as resHt) (units: meters) - 'aircraft_altitude_layerData': Aircraft altitude (also known as Eht) (units: meters relative to WGS84 ellipsoid) - 'surface_altitude_layerData': Ice surface elevation for the trace number from radar altimeter and LiDAR (units: meters relative to WGS84 ellipsoid) - 'surface_pick_layerData''': Location down trace of surface pick (BAS system) (units: microseconds) - ''bed_altitude_layerData': Bedrock elevation for the trace number derived by subtracting ice thickness from surface elevation (units: meters relative to WGS84 ellipsoid) - 'bed_pick_layerData': Location down trace of bed pick (BAS system) (units: microseconds) - 'land_ice_thickness_layerData': Ice thickness for the trace number obtained by multiplying the two-way travel-time between the picked ice surface and ice sheet bed by 168 m/microseconds and applying a 10 meter correction for the firn layer (units: meters) - SEGY: The SEGY files are provided for the chirp-acquired data and have been georeferenced using the navigational position of each trace from the surface files, and the processed GPS files when no surface information was provided in the surface files. Note that for these, interpolation of the navigational data might have been required to match closely the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) of each trace in the surface files. SEGY header description: - byte number 1-4 and 5-8 (SEQWL and SEQWR): Trace number for the SEGY - byte number 9-12 (FFID): PriNumber for each SEGY trace - byte number 73-76 (SRCX): Cartesian x-coordinates for each SEGY trace (units: meters in WGS84 EPSG:3031) - byte number 77-80 (SRCY): Cartesian y-coordinates for each SEGY trace (units: meters in WGS84 EPSG:3031) - byte number 115-116 (NSMP): Number of samples for each SEGY trace - byte number 117-118 (SI): Sampling interval for each SEGY trace Note that the current version of the SEGY (Revision 1.0) does not yet allow to store double-precision floats in the "Source X/Y" trace headers and thus the X and Y positions for each trace are rounded to the nearest integer when exporting the data. This will affect the accurate position of each trace in the SEGY data, however the precise X and Y position of each trace can be obtained from the NetCDF files if necessary. When loading in the georeferenced SEGY files into seismic-interpretation software for data visualisation and analysis, the user might be warned that duplicate traces are found within the data and that this might cause "bad performance". This is caused by the rounding of the X and Y positions in the SEGY headers as explained above and should only affect the position of a relatively small amount of traces. - Quicklook: The quicklook PDF files were produced to allow for a quick visualisation of the radar data and the position of each flightline with regards to the rest of the survey flightlines. The radar image in the PDF is from the processed chirp radar data and is split into 25-km segments for the ICEGRAV survey. These segments (and the radar images associated with them) are the same as those shown on the Polar Airborne Geophysics Data Portal. |
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| Ownership: | The ICEGRAV Antarctic airborne survey was sponsored by the US National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, DTU Space (Denmark), and the Center of Ice, Climate and Ecosystems (ICE) of the Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI), with significant logistics and in-kind contributions by the British Antarctic Survey (BAS), NPI, and the Instituto Antartico Argentino. BAS flew the survey with its aerogeophysical survey platform, a Twin Otter. The Antarctic Logistics Center International (ALCI) prepared fuel at FD83 that was used for the NPI-led field camp at Recovery Lakes. We especially thank M. Ghidella and A. Zakrajsek (Instituto Antarctico Argentino) for their field campaign support. |
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| Temporal Coverage: | |
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| Start Date | 2013-01-04 |
| End Date | 2013-02-03 |
| Spatial Coverage: | |
| Latitude | |
| Southernmost | -84.24988 |
| Northernmost | -75.28099 |
| Longitude | |
| Westernmost | -34.52766 |
| Easternmost | 27.2173 |
| Altitude | |
| Min Altitude | N/A |
| Max Altitude | N/A |
| Depth | |
| Min Depth | N/A |
| Max Depth | N/A |
| Data Resolution: | |
| Latitude Resolution | N/A |
| Longitude Resolution | N/A |
| Horizontal Resolution Range | 30 meters - < 100 meters |
| Vertical Resolution | N/A |
| Vertical Resolution Range | 1 meter - < 10 meters |
| Temporal Resolution | N/A |
| Temporal Resolution Range | N/A |
| Location: | |
| Location | Antarctica |
| Detailed Location | Recovery/Slessor/Bailey Region |
| Sensor(s): |
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| Source(s): |
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| Data Collection: | ** Instrument: Radar data were collected using the bistatic PASIN (Polarimetric radar Airborne Science Instrument) radar echo sounding system mounted on the BAS Twin Otter aircraft "VP-FBL" and operating with a centre frequency of 150 MHz and using a 4-microseconds, 10 MHz bandwidth linear chirp (deep sounding). The Pulse Repetition Frequency was 15,635 Hz (pulse repetition interval: 64 microseconds). ** Antenna configuration: 8 folded dipole elements: 4 transmitters (port side) 4 receivers (starboard side) Antenna gain: 11 dBi (with 4 elements) Transmit power: 1 kW into each 4 antennae Maximum transmit duty cycle: 10% at full power (4 x 1 kW) ** Radar receiver configuration: Receiver vertical sampling frequency: 22 MHz (resulting in sampling interval of 45.4546 ns) Receiver coherent stacking: 25 Receiver digital filtering: -50 dBc at Nyquist (11 MHz) Effective PRF: 312.5 Hz (post-hardware stacking) Sustained data rate: 10.56 Mbytes/second |
| Distribution: | |
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| Distribution Media | Online Internet (HTTP) |
| Distribution Size | 29 GB |
| Distribution Format | netCDF |
| Fees | N/A |
| Data Storage: | This dataset comprises of: - 43x NetCDF files (one per flightline) containing the chirp radar data, the navigational data of each trace, as well as the surface and bed elevation/pick information, ice thickness data, aircraft altitude, etc. (Total size: 14GB). - 43x georeferenced SEGY chirp files (1x chirp per flightline) (Total size: 14GB). - 43x quicklook PDF files (one per flightline) containing the segmented radar profiles and a map of the segment for quick visualisation (Total size: 600 MB). |