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Sediment provenance data for mid-late Pleistocene sediments collected at Site U1524 during International Ocean Discovery Programme (IODP) Expedition 374 to the Ross Sea, Antarctica

GB/NERC/BAS/PDC/02143

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Citation

van de Flierdt, T., Marschalek, J., Pastore, G., Hemming, S., & Holder, L. (2026). Sediment provenance data for mid-late Pleistocene sediments collected at Site U1524 during International Ocean Discovery Programme (IODP) Expedition 374 to the Ross Sea, Antarctica (Version 1.0) [Data set]. NERC EDS UK Polar Data Centre. https://doi.org/10.5285/68df207c-367d-4940-b4c3-91e218998749

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Access Data

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• http://ramadda.data.bas.ac.uk/repository/entry/show?entryid=68df207c-367d-4940-b4c3-91e218998749

REFERENCE MATERIALS

• https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(80)90125-9
• https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(95)00015-5
• https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00198-4
• https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.06.017
• https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.03.021
• https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.11.005
• https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.04.011
• https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2018.04.001
• https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gc001283
• https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-908X.1995.tb00147.x
• https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-908X.1997.tb00538.x
• https://doi.org/10.14379/iodp.proc.374.2019
• https://doi.org/10.3390/min10030273
• https://doi.org/10.3749/9780921294801.app02
• https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-3-247-2021

REFERENCE MATERIALS

• https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-011-0609-4
• https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-1368(91)90030-B
• https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2008.11.033
• https://doi.org/10.1111/ggr.12213
• https://doi.org/10.1111/ggr.12304

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Constraints

Access Constraints:	This data is under embargo until the publication of an associated paper.
Use Constraints:	This data is supplied under Open Government Licence v.3 http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/.

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Basic Information

Creation Date:	2026-01-28
Dataset Progress:	Complete
Dataset Language:	English
ISO Topic Categories:	Environment Geoscientific Information
Parameters:	Oceans > Marine Sediments > Sediment Chemistry Oceans > Marine Sediments > Sediment Composition Oceans > Marine Sediments > Sediment Transport Paleoclimate > Ocean/Lake Records > Sediments
Personnel:
Name	UK PDC
Role(s)	Metadata Author
Organisation	British Antarctic Survey
Name	Tina van de Flierdt
Role(s)	Technical Contact, Investigator
Organisation	Imperial College London
Name	James Marschalek
Role(s)	Investigator
Organisation	Imperial College London
Name	Guido Pastore
Role(s)	Investigator
Organisation	University of Milano-Bicocca
Name	Sidney Hemming
Role(s)	Investigator
Organisation	Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
Name	Liam Holder
Role(s)	Investigator
Organisation	Imperial College London
Parent Dataset:	N/A

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Additional Information

Reference:	Marschalek, J.W., Pastore, G., van de Flierdt, T., Holder, L., Patterson, M., Grant, G., Müller, J., Kim, S., Xiao, W., Lee, Q., Cortese, G., Leckie, M., Bombard, S., Ishii, H., van Peer, T., Sugisaki, S., Hemming, S.R., Kaufman, D., Seki, O., Kulhanek, D., Licht, K., Vermeesch, P., Gasson, E., O'Neill, J., Keisling, B., DeSantis, L., McKay, R., and the Expedition 374 Scientists (in prep.). Evidence for West Antarctic Ice Sheet sensitivity to different Pleistocene interglacial climates. References: Andò, S. (2020). Gravimetric separation of heavy minerals in sediments and rocks. Minerals, 10(3), 273. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10030273 Axelsson, E., Pape, J., Berndt, J., Corfu, F., Mezger, K., & Raith, M. M. (2018). Rutile R632 - A New Natural Reference Material for U‐Pb and Zr Determination. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 42(3), 319-338. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggr.12213 Bersani, D., Andò, S., Vignola, P., Moltifiori, G., Marino, I.-G., Lottici, P. P., & Diella, V. (2009). Micro-Raman spectroscopy as a routine tool for garnet analysis. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 73(3), 484-491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2008.11.033 Grey, I. E., & Reid, A. F. (1975). The structure of pseudorutile and its role in the natural alteration of ilmenite. 60(9-10), 898-906. Griffin, W. L., Powell, W. J., Pearson, N. J., & O'Reilly, S. Y. (2008). GLITTER: data reduction software for laser ablation ICP-MS. Laser Ablation-ICP-MS in the earth sciences. Mineralogical Association of Canada short course series, 40, 204-207. https://doi.org/10.3749/9780921294801.app02 Gutjahr, M., Frank, M., Stirling, C. H., Klemm, V., van de Flierdt, T., & Halliday, A. N. (2007). Reliable extraction of a deepwater trace metal isotope signal from Fe-Mn oxyhydroxide coatings of marine sediments. Chemical Geology, 242, 351-370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.03.021 Haley, B. A., Frank, M., Spielhagen, R. F., & Eisenhauer, A. (2008). Influence of brine formation on Arctic Ocean circulation over the past 15 million years. Nature Geoscience, 1, 68-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.03.021 Jackson, S. E., Pearson, N. J., Griffin, W. L., & Belousova, E. A. (2004). The application of laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry to in situ U-Pb zircon geochronology. Chemical geology, 211(1-2), 47-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.06.017 Jacobsen, S.B., Wasserburg, G.J. (1980). Sm-Nd isotopic evolution of chondrites. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 50, 139-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(80)90125-9 Kuiper, K. F. et al. Synchronizing rock clocks of Earth history (2008). Science 5875, 500-504. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(80)90125-9 McKay, R., De Santis, L., Kulhanek, D. K., and the Expedition 374 Science Party (2019). Ross Sea West Antarctic Ice Sheet History. College Station, Texas, International Ocean Discovery Program, Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program. https://doi.org/10.14379/iodp.proc.374.2019 Mücke, A., & Bhadra Chaudhuri, J. N. (1991). The continuous alteration of ilmenite through pseudorutile to leucoxene. Ore Geology Reviews, 6(1), 25-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-1368(91)90030-B Pearce, N. J., Perkins, W. T., Westgate, J. A., Gorton, M. P., Jackson, S. E., Neal, C. R., & Chenery, S. P. (1997). A compilation of new and published major and trace element data for NIST SRM 610 and NIST SRM 612 glass reference materials. Geostandards newsletter, 21(1), 115-144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-908X.1997.tb00538.x Renne, P. R. Excess 40Ar in biotite and hornblende from the Noril'sk 1 intrusion, Siberia: implications for the age of the Siberian Traps (1995). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 131, 165-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(95)00015-5 Simões Pereira, P., van de Flierdt, T., Hemming, S. R., Hammond, S. J., Kuhn, G., Brachfeld, S., ... & Hillenbrand, C. D. (2018). Geochemical fingerprints of glacially eroded bedrock from West Antarctica: Detrital thermochronology, radiogenic isotope systematics and trace element geochemistry in Late Holocene glacial-marine sediments. Earth-Science Reviews, 182, 204-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.04.011 Sláma, J., Kosler, J., Condon, D. J., Crowley, J. L., Gerdes, A., Hanchar, J. M., ... & Whitehouse, M. J. (2008). Plesovice zircon-a new natural reference material for U-Pb and Hf isotopic microanalysis. Chemical geology, 249(1-2), 1-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.11.005 Tanaka, T., Togashi, S., Kamioka, H., Amakawa, H., Kagami, H., Hamamoto, T., Yuhara, M., Orihashi, Y., Yoneda, S., Shimizu, H., Kunimaru, T., Takahashi, K., Yanagi, T., Nakano, T., Fujimaki, H., Shinjo, R., Asahara, Y., Tanimizu, M., Dragusanu, C. (2000). JNdi-1: a neodymium isotopic reference in consistency with LaJolla neodymium. Chemical Geology 168, 279-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00198-4 Vermeesch, P. (2018). IsoplotR: A free and open toolbox for geochronology. Geoscience Frontiers, 9(5), 1479-1493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2018.04.001 Vermeesch, P. (2021). On the treatment of discordant detrital zircon U-Pb data. Geochronology Discussions, 2020, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-3-247-2021 Weis, D., Kieffer, B., Maerschalk, C., Barling, J., de Jong, J., Williams, G.A., Hanano, D., Pretorius, W., Mattielli, N., Scoates, J.S., Goolaerts, A., Friedman, R.M., Mahoney, J.B. (2006). High-precision isotopic characterization of USGS reference materials by TIMS and MC-ICP-MS. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 7, doi: 10.1029/2006gc001283. Wiedenbeck, M. A. P. C., Alle, P., Corfu, F. Y., Griffin, W. L., Meier, M., Oberli, F. V., ... & Spiegel, W. (1995). Three natural zircon standards for U-Th-Pb, Lu-Hf, trace element and REE analyses. Geostandards newsletter, 19(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-908X.1995.tb00147.x Zack, T., Stockli, D. F., Luvizotto, G. L., Barth, M. G., Belousova, E., Wolfe, M. R., & Hinton, R. W. (2011). In situ U-Pb rutile dating by LA-ICP-MS: 208Pb correction and prospects for geological applications. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 162(3), 515-530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-011-0609-4 Zhang, L., Wu, J., Tu, J., Wu, D., Li, N., Xia, X., & Ren, Z. (2020). RMJG Rutile: A New Natural Reference Material for Microbeam U-Pb Dating and Hf Isotopic Analysis. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 44(1), 133-145. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggr.12304
Quality:	Thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (TIMS): Rock reference material USGS BCR-2 was processed with every batch of chemistry and yielded a mean ratio of 0.705013 ± 0.00015 (2SD, n = 34) which agrees with the published value of 0.705013 ± 0.000010 (Weis et al., 2006). Multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS): The reported external reproducibility on samples was estimated from the within-session 2SD on JNdi-1 Nd isotope standards. Accompanying analyses of USGS BCR-2 rock reference material gave mean 143Nd/144Nd ratios of 0.512640 ± 0.000013 (n = 13) that were always within error of the published ratio (0.512638 ± 0.000015; 2SD; Weis et al., 2006). Full procedural blanks ranged from 5 to 77 pg Nd (n = 6).
Lineage/Methodology:	Sample collection: The sediment samples were collected at Site U1524 during International Ocean Discovery Programme (IODP) Expedition 374 to the Ross Sea. Core RS14-BC1 was collected during the XXIX Italian PNRA 2013-2014 expedition to the Ross Sea as part of the PNRA/Rosslope project. A sample was provided by Ester Colizza (University of Trieste) from the Italian Antarctic Museum sediment core repository. More details on sediment sample collection can be found in McKay et al. 2019. Neodymium/Strontium Isotopes The method is described in Simões Pereira et al. (2018). Briefly, samples were disaggregated and sieved to 63 um, then dried in an oven at 60degC. 500 mg of the <63 um fraction was then leached using a 0.05 M hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution to remove authigenic Fe-Mn oxyhydroxide coatings (Gutjahr et al., 2007). A carbonate removal step was not included due to the potential for detrital carbonates in the samples, as well as the very low carbonate content of most of our sediments which rendered the step unnecessary (Haley et al., 2008; McKay et al., 2019). The leached sediment was homogenised, and 50 mg aliquots fully digested in concentrated HF (2ml), HClO4 (0.8 ml) and HNO3 (1 ml) for three to five days with a subsequent 6 M HCl step. The Nd was isolated from the sample matrix using a cation exchange resin (AG50W-X8, 200-400 um mesh) and HCl in increasing molarity, followed by a low molarity HCl Ln-Spec resin procedure (50-100um mesh). The sample matrix from the cation exchange step was dried down and taken up in HNO3, then loaded onto Eichrom Sr Spec resin to wash down the matrix and elute the Sr. Strontium isotopes were measured on a Thermo Scientific Triton TIMS (Thermal Ionisation Mass Spectrometer) in the MAGIC laboratories at Imperial College London. 1-2 ul sample aliquots were loaded onto degassed tungsten filaments with 1ul of TaCl5 activator. The measured 87Sr/86Sr ratios were corrected for instrumental mass bias using an exponential law and an 88Sr/86Sr ratio of 8.375. Interference of 87Rb was corrected using a 87Rb/85Rb ratio of 0.386. Analyses of the NIST 987 standard reference material were completed every three to four unknowns, yielding a mean of 0.710257 ± 0.000023 (2SD, n = 65) which is within error of the published value of 0.710252 ± 0.000013 (Weis et al., 2006). Neodymium samples at 40-50 ppb (~60 - 75 ng Nd) were measured in the MAGIC laboratories at Imperial College London on a Nu HR-MC-ICPMS (high resolution multicollector inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometer) in static mode. To account for instrumental mass bias, isotope ratios were corrected using the exponential law and a 146Nd/144Nd ratio of 0.7129. Interference of 144Sm on 144Nd, although negligible, was also corrected for. Concentration-matched bracketing standards enabled the 143Nd/144Nd ratios to be corrected for instrumental offset using the accepted JNdi-1 value of 0.512115 (Tanaka et al., 2000). The reported external reproducibility was estimated from the within-session 2SD on those standards. Neodymium isotopes are reported in standard epsilon notation, as the deviation in parts per 10,000 from the present-day composition of the Chondritic Uniform Reservoir (143Nd/144Nd = 0.512638) (Jacobsen and Wasserburg, 1980). Zircon U-Pb Dating To ensure there were enough grains for statistical analysis, samples were taken over 6-7 cm of core. Samples were wet sieved at 500 um then 15 um. Zircons from the 15-500 um fraction were concentrated using standard gravity settling (centrifuge in sodium polytungstate) and magnetic separation techniques. Samples were then mounted in epoxy resin and polished to reveal grain surfaces. To avoid any hand-picking operator induced bias, zircon grains were identified by automated phase mapping with a Renishaw QONTORTM Raman spectrometer at the University of Milano-Bicocca. The coordinates of the grain centres were collected after a semi-automated image analysis. Zircon U-Pb dating was performed using an Agilent 7900 LA-ICPMS (laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometer) with a 25 um pit diameter in the Geochronology Laboratories at University College London. Plesovice zircon (Sláma et al., 2008) was used as a primary standard to correct for instrumental mass bias and depth-dependent inter-element fractionation. Approximate U and Th concentrations were calculated by comparison with NIST 612 glass (Pearce et al., 1997). Data reduction of the time-resolved mass spectrometer data was performed using GLITTER 4.5 (Griffin et al., 2008). GJ1 (Jackson et al., 2004) and 91500 (Wiedenbeck et al. 1995) zircon were used as a secondary standards to verify the accuracy of the data. Data were processed and visualised using the R package IsoplotR (Vermeesch, 2018). Data were filtered to exclude non-zircons based on zirconium concentrations (>10 to the power of 6 counts per second). No common Pb correction was applied. Rather than applying a fixed threshold to select between the use of the 206Pb/238U ratio or 207Pb/206Pb ratio for age calculation, a single-grain concordia age was calculated and discordant grains filtered using the log ratio distance to the concordia composition (Vermeesch, 2021). Because of the semi-automated image analysis used to select grains, some grains in samples IG3A, EG4C, IG5A and IG5B were dated with two spots. These are indicated within the dataset. Rutile U-Pb Dating Three samples were selected for rutile U-Pb dating. Rutile grains were identified by automated phase mapping with a Renishaw QONTORTM Raman microscope at the University of Milano-Bicocca. This study reveals this method to be problematic for rutile phase identification. Rutile matching spectra included grains that optical observation and geochemical composition confirmed as containing grains of authigenic rutile and pseudorutile which possibly derive from ilmenite alteration (Grey and Reid, 1975; Mücke and Chaudhuri, 1991). Threshold for discarding spurious mineral phases were thus placed at 10 ppm of thorium as primary rutile grains usually display low concentration of Th (Zack et al., 2011). Rutile isotopic composition was determined at the London Geochronology Centre using an Agilent 7900 laser-ablation inductively-coupled-plasma mass-spectrometry system, employing a NewWave NWR193 Excimer Laser operated at 10 Hz with a 40 um spot size and ~2.2 J/cm2 fluence. The mass spectrometer data were converted to element concentrations using GLITTER 4.4.2 software (Griffin et al., 2008), employing a NIST SRM612 glass as a compositional standard. Rutile standards R632 (Axelsson et al., 2018) was employed as primary standard and RMJG (Zhang et al., 2020) was added to the analysed grains and treated as unknown. Masses monitored were 25Mg, 27Al, 49Ti, 52Cr, 55Mn, 91Zr, 93Nb, 121Sb, 177Hf, 204,206,207,208Pb, 232Th, and 238U. GLITTER files were post-processed using IsoplotR (Vermeesch, 2018). Garnet Composition Following the MIRAGEM (Micro-Raman Garnets Evaluation Method) approach of Bersani et al. (2009), garnet molar composition were determined from garnet Raman spectra. This technique assumes that the positions of five characteristic Raman bands are linear combinations of the solid solution endmembers, weighted by their molar fractions. The composition is then obtained by finding the set of molar fractions that, when multiplied by the characteristic peak frequencies of the endmembers, minimizes the standard deviation from the measured band positions of the unknown sample. Raman spectra were collected from 15 to 20 grains in four selected samples (G2A, n = 15; IG3C, n = 15; EG3B, n = 20; IG4B, n = 15). These samples were selected to span the range of different epsilon neodymium values, zircon age distributions and heavy mineral suites. We provide the Raman spectrum for each grain, alongside calculated percentages of the five common garnet phases (almandine, pyrope, spessartine, andradite, grossular). Hornblende and biotite 40Ar/39Ar Dating Samples were wet sieved to get the 15-500 um fraction. Hornblende grains were picked from the magnetic separate following gravity settling and magnetic separation, except for the two core-top samples (U1524A 1H1W 0-5 cm and RS14 BC1 0-1 cm) which were not separated before picking. Most grains were from the 150-500 um size class, although 63-150 um grains were used to maximise sample sizes where necessary (mostly the core-top samples). The samples were co-irradiated with Fish Canyon sanidine (28.201 ± 0.046 Ma; Kupier, 2008) for 7 hours in the CLICIT (Cadmium Lined In-Core Irradiation Tube) facility at Oregon State University reactor. This was done in two batches. Samples were loaded into planchettes, evacuated in a chamber with a ZnSe window, then heated with a CO2 laser to release the gas. Samples were exposed to hot Zr-Al getters to remove reactive gases, and the inert gases were let into a VG5400 noble gas mass spectrometer and measured with peak hopping on an analogue multiplier in static vacuum mode. Backgrounds were corrected based on frequent measurements of blanks (~ every 4 unknowns) and mass discrimination was corrected based on measurements of air (~ every 12 unknowns). Corrections for nuclear interferences are based on reported measurements from the Berkeley Geochronology Lab (Renne, 1995). Analyses and data reduction were performed using MassSpec, a program written by Al Deino at the BGC. Errors are reported at 1 sigma. Heavy Minerals Heavy minerals were concentrated from a wet sieved fraction of >15mm for 15 samples. The three remaining samples (ID = G2A, G3B and IG5B) were panned to remove the silt and clay fraction. Using Andò (2020) procedure, the dense minerals were separated with a sodium polytungstate solution (2.9 g/cm3) and mounted on a glass slide with Canada Balsam (refractive index 1.55). More than 200 transparent heavy-mineral grains were identified under transmitted light microscope and by Raman Spectroscopy comparing with a in house-built reference spectra database.

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Locality

Temporal Coverage:
Start Date	2018-10-01
End Date	2025-06-30
Spatial Coverage:
Latitude
Southernmost	-74.335
Northernmost	-74.335
Longitude
Westernmost	-173.685
Easternmost	-173.685
Altitude
Min Altitude	N/A
Max Altitude	N/A
Depth
Min Depth	N/A
Max Depth	N/A
Data Resolution:
Latitude Resolution	N/A
Longitude Resolution	N/A
Horizontal Resolution Range	N/A
Vertical Resolution	N/A
Vertical Resolution Range	< 1 meter
Temporal Resolution	N/A
Temporal Resolution Range	N/A
Location:
Location	Antarctica
Detailed Location	Hillary Canyon, Ross Sea

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Instrumentation

Data Collection:

Thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (TIMS): Thermo Finnigan Triton. Multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS): Nu Instruments Nu Plasma HR. Resolution: Depth (min and max): 2394 m water depth; Hole A penetrated 0-299.5 mbsf (metres below sea floor). Each sample was collected from the same site (IODP Hole U1524A). Vertical resolution of samples is variable, but on the order of 10s of cm.

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Storage

Data Storage:	The data comprises eight csv files (1.5 MB total). Sample IDs are used to shorten sample names.

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